tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1 2012-05-14T19:18:15Z Making Connections. Finding Solutions.™ Movable Type 3.32 tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1.478 2012-05-14T19:14:39Z 2012-05-14T19:18:15Z

http://www.fox16.com/news/local/story/Horses-help-children-with-special-needs/r_rPBo1vLkOgeIp9Nuaz4A.cspx?rss=315 Quote from the news story by Fox16. "It's just really fun to watch her enjoy therapy because we've done so many years of therapy where we've pushed and pushed and lots of tears," said Wendie Reaves. Her 13-year-old daughter,...

http://www.fox16.com/news/local/story/Horses-help-children-with-special-needs/r_rPBo1vLkOgeIp9Nuaz4A.cspx?rss=315 Quote from the news story by Fox16. "It's just really fun to watch her enjoy therapy because we've done so many years of therapy where we've pushed and pushed and lots of tears," said Wendie Reaves. Her 13-year-old daughter, Regan, is diagnosed with Pachygyria, a rare developmental disorder in the brain. "They told us at that point that by the looks of the MRI films that she'd never walk and shed never be able to talk," said Reaves. "At this point doctors pretty just scratch their heads and say, 'She has Pachygyria? Well she's doing awesome!'" This story is inspirational and it is here to give you all hope. Keep up the great work with your kids giving them all kinds of therapies and lots of love. You too can be amazed what your special child will accomplish in their own time. ]]> tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1.477 2012-04-20T21:46:17Z 2012-04-20T22:39:40Z

This is a small list done by a few parents in the area. Hope you find something fun to do:) To save money on some of the events below that cost a lot for membership or season pass consider asking...

This is a small list done by a few parents in the area. Hope you find something fun to do:) To save money on some of the events below that cost a lot for membership or season pass consider asking family members to buy or chip in during birthdays or Christmas time instead of buying other gifts. It makes a lasting family gift for the whole year. Also going many times will reduce the final cost. THINGS TO DO: Taking the kids to the free movies in the summer. Monthly $2.00 movies in Lawrenceville. (It took a long time to get where we can now all sit and watch a movie.) When the kids were younger we would join the zoo or scitrek, stone mountain and then go monthly. It made it expensive up front but then we had a whole year to enjoy all of the activities. Gwinnett has a lot of parks and we went to most of them when the kids were young. Gwinnett also has great pools. We would bring our own snacks and make a day of the the pool. Train Stores: Legacy Trains in Lawrenceville on Hurricane shoals Rd. and TrainMaster in Buford across from the train tracks. We would spend a long time playing and watching the trains and using the train and playmobile tables and occasionally buy some new track or a train. http://www.daculasoccer.com/ts.html or Wendy@dscrevolution.com Upward Church Sports programs - non competitive and work with children with special needs to participate with the cheerleading, soccer or basketball (age kindergarten - 5th grade) http://www.upward.org/Site-UpwardOrg/LeagueFinder2/LeagueFinder.aspx Ringling Bros. Circus - Free or minimal charge for special needs night - request to be on my mailing list at candice@sophtware.com and I'll do my best to get you tickets. Gwinnett Libraries- events, programs, read books, use computers VBS - Vacation Bible School, Hebron Baptist Church has a special needs program as do many other churches in the area. Even ask your own church for support or a buddy so your child can attend. Lake Lanier Water Park - Initial cost is expensive but if you go every weekend it becomes inexpensive swim time, wave pool is sloped to access and Beach Stone Mountain Season pass - Use it a lot and it becomes cheap entertainment. local mall events Free donuts at Krispy Kreme for every A on the report card up to 5 donuts of your choice and watch them being made. Bring in the report card. ]]> tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1.476 2012-04-18T22:19:36Z 2012-04-18T22:20:49Z

This Georgia special needs directory is put together by Metro East GLRS and is located on this site along with other resources for parents. http://metroeastglrs.org...

http://metroeastglrs.org]]> tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1.475 2012-04-18T22:05:12Z 2012-04-18T22:10:53Z

http://www.tacanow.org This national organization has 24 hour person on call for help, local support groups, books and resources, mentoring, etc. It is designed for autism but many of us have similar issues and can utilize this great resource....

http://www.tacanow.org This national organization has 24 hour person on call for help, local support groups, books and resources, mentoring, etc. It is designed for autism but many of us have similar issues and can utilize this great resource. ]]> Come to a TACA Meeting! TACA holds monthly meetings in many locations throughout the United States that feature educational speakers on important topics and allow family members to connect with one another and stay on top of the latest information in the autism world. ( Many of these topics relate to all disabilities and support groups are open to disabilities.) Each TACA group maintains a resource library of the latest autism books and DVDs/CDs that can be checked out by members at no charge. For a support group in your local area, see the website listed above. Georgia: Meets the 3rd Saturday of each month (unless otherwise listed below) Time: 2:00 – 4:00 PM (unless otherwise listed below) Location: Peach State Pediatric Therapy 4992 Bristol Industrial Way Buford, GA 30518 Coordinator: Contact Therese Graham Child care: Not offered at this time, sorry Equal Participation: Please contact TACA if you will require an accommodation to participate. Join us on our TACA Georgia Facebook page! tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1.474 2012-04-18T01:14:08Z 2012-04-18T01:17:28Z

Lynn Graham, M. A., O – G tutor “A heart to see children succeed in language and life”...

Lynn Graham, M. A., O – G tutor “A heart to see children succeed in language and life” graham2@charter.net 770-237-8844 (Note: I have not used Lynn but her reference came from a friend. Not responsible for any company or person or product on this site.)]]> tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1.473 2012-04-18T01:10:30Z 2012-04-18T01:13:27Z

I love Nick's attitude and message. Nick Vujicic ">http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=W5mbldTkruM&feature=share...

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=W5mbldTkruM&feature=share ]]> tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1.472 2012-04-16T20:49:18Z 2012-04-16T20:58:51Z

This may give us a bit of hope on the seizures being controlled. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11204727 Abstract In complex malformations of the neocortex due to neuronal migration disorders, epilepsy is usually intractable and is observed in childhood. The study of such malformations...

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11204727 Abstract In complex malformations of the neocortex due to neuronal migration disorders, epilepsy is usually intractable and is observed in childhood. The study of such malformations in adults is rare. Three adult cases are described with easily treated epilepsy controlled by one or two anti-epilectic drugs. A brain CAT-scan of these three patients showed pachygyria (macrogyria) sometimes associated with other malformations and disorders of neurone migration. These three 28, 40 and 53 year-old-patients (one woman and two men) were mentally disturbed with complex neurological disturbances and confined to a wheelchair. Their epilepsy had began in childhood and stabilised as these patients became adults. We raised the question as to whether this is in fact the long-term outcome for epileptic patients with pachygyria. The outcome of such epilepsy due to pachygyria could be better than initially supposed. ]]> [Article in French] Gaultier C, Verhaegen F, Merzeau C, Angibaud G. Source Service de neurologie du Centre hospitalier territorial de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Hôpital Gaston Bourret, Rue Paul Doumer, BP J5, 98849 Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2000 Nov;93(4):260-2. PMID: 11204727 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1.471 2012-04-12T18:37:15Z 2012-04-12T18:41:04Z

Animal Assisted Therapy Seminar - April 28th - Auburn University, Georgia MARK YOUR CALENDARS NOW!!! This seminar will expand upon the human-animal bond (HAB), its definition, and the theories explaining this bond. We will discuss the benefits and therapeutic effects...

Who is the speaker? We are thrilled to announce that Dr. William Stuart Pope, DNP, RN will be our distinguished speaker for this seminar. Dr. Pope is an Assistant Professor at the AU School of Nursing. He completed requirements for the Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP) from Samford University in 2009. The focus of his doctoral research was transitioning registered nurses into a psychiatric-mental health setting. Dr. Pope’s research project continues to center around the mental health workforce. In addition, Dr. Pope is a registered therapy team with his two dogs and he visits the young and the young at heart in nursing homes, hospitals, youth centers, libraries and schools. Dr. Pope utilizes his professional knowledge and expertise gained in healthcare and applies that to animal-assisted therapy. Who can attend? YOU! Your friends! Your family! Any registered therapy team or anyone who's looking to learn more about animal-assisted therapy in a healthcare setting. Please feel free to share this with teachers, counselors, nurses, caregivers, therapists and other professionals so they, too, can learn how they might incorporate AAT into their patient’s treatment plans. To see more information including other events and opportunities contact: http://www.readingpaws.org/READingPaws/Welcome.html Melissa Saul President, Alabama/ Georgia Chapter READing Paws Board of Directors, Therapy Dogs Incorporated Therapy Dogs Incorporated - Tester/Observer Therapy Dogs Incorporated Registered Therapy Team with Gina Therapy Dogs Incorporated Registered Therapy Team with Annie Intermountain Therapy Animals Registered Therapy Team with Gina (770) 252-5303 (home) (770) 301-6854 (cell) Melissa@READingPaws.org www.READingPaws.org]]> tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1.470 2012-04-12T17:45:05Z 2012-04-12T17:48:09Z

Malformations of Cortical Development: Diagnostic Accuracy of Fetal MR Imaging Orit A. Glenn, MD, Addison A. Cuneo, BS, A. James Barkovich, MD, Zary Hashemi, MD, Agnes I. Bartha, MD and Duan Xu, PhD + Author Affiliations From the Department of...

Malformations of Cortical Development: Diagnostic Accuracy of Fetal MR Imaging Orit A. Glenn, MD, Addison A. Cuneo, BS, A. James Barkovich, MD, Zary Hashemi, MD, Agnes I. Bartha, MD and Duan Xu, PhD + Author Affiliations From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Neuroradiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628. Abstract Purpose: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of fetal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for malformations of cortical development by using postnatal MR imaging as reference standard. Orit.Glenn@ucsf.edu). ]]> tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1.469 2012-04-11T18:56:30Z 2012-04-11T18:58:51Z

http://www.facebook.com/pages/Songs-for-Teaching/118205941217 http://songsforteaching.com/index.html Creative teachers can use music to teach content across the curriculum – to students of all ages. They offer thousands of children's songs, lyrics, sound clips and teaching suggestions....

http://www.facebook.com/pages/Songs-for-Teaching/118205941217 http://songsforteaching.com/index.html Creative teachers can use music to teach content across the curriculum – to students of all ages. They offer thousands of children's songs, lyrics, sound clips and teaching suggestions.]]> tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1.468 2012-04-11T18:52:55Z 2012-04-11T18:55:14Z

http://www.mckeeversfirstride.com/events/upcoming-events/16-mckeevers-first-ride-atlanta-2012.html Welcome participants of all ages that utilize prosthetic and orthotic devices: Kids, adults and families Veterans and Public Servants Amputee Coalition members...

http://www.mckeeversfirstride.com/events/upcoming-events/16-mckeevers-first-ride-atlanta-2012.html Welcome participants of all ages that utilize prosthetic and orthotic devices: Kids, adults and families Veterans and Public Servants Amputee Coalition members]]> tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1.467 2012-03-25T13:07:57Z 2012-03-25T13:09:33Z

">www.smart911.com A service that provides important medical information to medical/emergency responders....

www.smart911.com A service that provides important medical information to medical/emergency responders.]]> tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1.466 2012-03-24T22:27:57Z 2012-03-25T12:19:05Z

www.championkids.net 770-874-5200 Programs For Our Friends with Special Needs! Champion Kids (CK) is run and operated by a Recreational and Play therapist. Both also have a strong background in competitive gymnastics, Movement Education, and behavior modification. All classes and lesson...

www.championkids.net 770-874-5200 Programs For Our Friends with Special Needs! Champion Kids (CK) is run and operated by a Recreational and Play therapist. Both also have a strong background in competitive gymnastics, Movement Education, and behavior modification. All classes and lesson plans are developed by this team. CK promises to provide a safe and excepting environment for all children! ]]> Tumble Time (*Buddy participation as necessary) Ages: 3-6 & 6-8 Children are guided through obstacle courses to develop basic tumbling, gymnastics, and movement skills. The kids will enjoy all 4 popular apparatuses and more. Gymnast will be introduced to structure while working on body and spatial awareness, coordination, strength, balance and flexibility. Come TUMBLE with us! Diva & Dudes Dance (*Buddy participation as necessary) Ages: 4-7, 7-11, 12 & Up Creative Dance, Movement and Music Time! Your child will move and groove to build a dance foundation while exploring new skills and techniques. This co-ed class teaches not only dance skills but also music exploration and body awareness. Come DANCE with us! Fitness Fun (*Buddy participation as necessary) Ages: 4-7, 7-11, 12 & Up Get your child up and moving in this fun and energetic class. Here we work on endurance, flexibility, and teamwork. These goals are reached through the use of Yoga, Zumba, Aerobics and more. This mixture of certifications helps the instructor keep the kids entertained and excited. No class will be the same! Come GET FIT with us! Cheer Champs (*Buddy participation provided FREE of charge) Ages 5yrs – adults! This is the 6th season of our Special Needs Cheer program! Dynamite Cheer Team is part of the Empire All-Star program and hosted at Champion Kids. This co-ed team works together to master a cheerleading routine. This routine includes: basic tumbling, dance, cheer, stunts and a pyramid. “Buddies” assist the cheerleaders in staying on task, learning the material, safety, and team bonding. These “Buddies” are volunteer students who have an interest in working with individuals with different needs. The squad is a 7 month commitment and performs at local cheer competitions. Dynamite is supported by our Empire and CK programs! Practices are held on Sunday afternoons. CK and Empire Cheer offer this program FREE of charge (direct cost of uniform, music, parties, and banquet do apply). Come CHEER with us! Buddy participation as necessary = A parent / guardian or Champion Kids “Buddy” may attend class with your child to help them stay on task and have the most productive and positive experience as possible. CK staffed “Buddies” are trained to guide your child and lead them through the class. If you choose to use a CK Buddy please schedule in advance. There is an extra fee for this service and often can be used short term. Our “Buddy” program is free of charge for the Cheerleading program ! No registration Fee! 10 weeks = $110 plus 5x Open Play Pass Call to reserve your spot! Space is VERY limited! tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1.465 2012-03-23T01:33:42Z 2012-03-23T01:35:44Z

The HEATH Resource Center at George Washington University produced this 36-page publication that answers many commonly asked questions about college experiences for students with intellectual disabilities. http://www.heath.gwu.edu/assets/50/pse_id_final_edition.pdf...

http://www.heath.gwu.edu/assets/50/pse_id_final_edition.pdf ]]> tag:www.candicelange.com,2012://1.464 2012-03-22T18:39:06Z 2012-03-22T19:20:04Z

A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development: update 2012 A. James Barkovich,1 Renzo Guerrini,2,3 Ruben I. Kuzniecky,4 Graeme D. Jackson5,6 and William B. Dobyns7,8 http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/03/16/brain.aws019.full.pdf Recent advances in the genetics of cortical development Brain 2012: Page 3...

http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/03/16/brain.aws019.full.pdf Recent advances in the genetics of cortical development Brain 2012: Page 3 of 22 Progress has been made in understanding neuronal migration....]]> Group II: malformations due to abnormal neuronal migration Brain 2012: Page 5 of 22 Several studies have shown that abnormalities of the neuroependyma (ventricular epithelium) are associated with periventricular nodular heterotopia (Ferland et al., 2009). Group II has, therefore, been divided into four subcategories: malformations resulting from abnormalities of the neuroependymal (initiation of migration), mainly including periventricular heterotopia; generalized abnormalities of transmantle migration, mainly including lissencephalies; localized abnormalities of transmantle migration, mainly subcortical heterotopia; and abnormalities due to abnormal terminal migration/defects in pial limiting membrane. The latter group now consists mostly of cobblestone malformations, although less severe forms of these have been defined in foetal alcohol syndrome and in mice with mutations of some transcription factors such as Foxc1 (Zarbalis et al., 2007). Group II.B: lissencephaly Brain 2012: Page 6 of 22 Malformations due to widespread abnormal transmantle migration including agyria, pachygyria and subcortical band heterotopia, are all part of the lissencephaly spectrum. A major change in this group has come from the discovery that mutations of TUBA1A are responsible for 1–4% of classic (four-layered, with a cell-sparse zone) lissencephalies (Morris-Rosendahl et al., 2008; Kumar et al., 2010) and 30% of lissencephalies with cerebellar hypoplasia (Kumar et al., 2010). The TUBA1A-associated classic lissencephalies can have a wide range of dysgenesis involving the cortex, corpus callosum, basal ganglia/white matter and mid/hindbrain (Kumar et al., 2010). Patients with TUBA1A-associated classic lissencephaly have either p.R402C mutations, resulting in frontal pachygyria and posterior agyria with a cell-sparse zone, or p.R402H mutations, resulting in nearly complete agyria; both of these phenotypes are essentially identical to those associated with LIS1 mutations (Kumar et al., 2010), suggesting involvement of the same molecular pathways. Other groups with TUBA1A-associated lissencephaly had variant lissencephaly with heterogeneous missense mutations throughout the gene resulting in cortical dysgenesis varying from diffuse, often asymmetric, pachygyria with moderately thick cortex to a smooth, relatively thin cortex associated with diminution of cerebral white matter (Kumar et al., 2010). These phenotypes had absent or nearly absent corpus callosum, thin brainstem and severe cerebellar hypoplasia; callosal and mid-hindbrain malformations were most severe in the patients with thinner cerebral cortex (Kumar et al., 2010). Some patients have upward rotation of the cerebellar vermis with a dilated fourth ventricle and enlarged posterior fossa, fulfilling the criteria for Dandy–Walker malformation (Kumar et al., 2010). In our prior classification, these phenotypes were listed as variant lissencephaly with extreme microcephaly, absent (or nearly absent) corpus callosum, moderate to severe cerebellar hypoplasia and brainstem hypoplasia; they are likely the malformation that Forman et al. (2005) called ‘two layer lissencephaly’. The clinical phenotypes caused by mutations of TUBA1A also vary considerably; however, most affected patients have congenital microcephaly, mental retardation and severe neurodevelopmental delay with di/tetraplegia (Bahi-Buisson et al., 2008). Conclusion Brain 2012: Page 8 of 22 In order to retain its utility for the clinician and physician scientist, both the framework and the content of this classification of Malformations of Cortical Development have been updated based upon recent scientific and clinical advances. Although complexity of this classification has increased, making it more cumbersome, accurate diagnoses are essential for both clinical and genetic counselling; thus, the authors believe that this level of complexity is currently necessary. Further updates (and, hopefully, simplification) will be required as information accumulates about the clinical, embryological, genetic and molecular biological aspects of these disorders. Unfortunately despite the many discoveries in genetics, advances in this field have been slowed by the limited access to human brain specimens for developmental neuropathology studies, such as cell lineage, gene expression and searches for somatic mosaicism, upon rare malformation of cortical developments. FCD is the exception, and this can be attributed to the flourishing of epilepsy surgery programmes. However, limited resources appear to be available for classical developmental neuropathology, with inadequate networks to facilitate access to post-mortem brain tissue containing malformations of cortical development. Hopefully, such an organization can be developed, and our knowledge will quickly increase to the point where these disorders are grouped according to the affected pathways; the tasks of both future authors and their readers will thereby be simplified. Brain 2012: Page 19 of 22 (II) MALFORMATIONS DUE TO ABNORMAL NEURONAL MIGRATION (A) MALFORMATIONS WITH NEUROEPENDYMAL ABNORMALITIES: PERIVENTRICULAR HETEROTOPIA (1) Anterior predominate and diffuse PNH Clinically defined with unknown cause (a) Diffuse PNH with/without sparing of temporal horns (b) Diffuse PNH composed of micronodules (c) Diffuse PNH with frontonasal dysplasia (Guerrini and Dobyns, 1998) (d) Anterior predominant PNH (e) Anterior predominant PNH with fronto-perisylvian PMG (Wieck et al., 2005) (f) Unilateral or bilateral isolated PNH Genetically defined with AD inheritance (new mutations) (g) Anterior PNH with duplication 5p15.1 (Sheen et al., 2003) (h) Anterior or diffuse PNH with duplication 5p15.33 (Sheen et al., 2003) (i) Diffuse (but variable) PNH with del 6q27 (W.B.D, in preparation) (j) PNH and Williams syndrome with del 7q11.23, including HIP1 and YWHAG (Ferland et al., 2006; Ramocki et al., 2010) (k) PNH with del 4p15 (gene not identified) (Gawlik-Kuklinska et al., 2008) (l) PNH with deletion 5q14.3–q15 (Cardoso et al., 2009) (m) PNH and agenesis of the corpus callosum with del 1p36.22-pter (Neal et al., 2006) Genetically defined with XL inheritance (n) Bilateral PNH due to mutations of FLNA, with/without Ehlers–Danlos (Sheen et al., 2001; Parrini et al., 2006) (o) PNH and Fragile X syndrome (Moro et al., 2006) (2) Posterior predominant (temporal-trigonal) PNH Clinically defined with unknown cause (a) Posterior PNH only (b) Posterior PNH with hippocampal dysgenesis, colpocephaly, anomalies of midbrain tectum or cerebellar hypoplasia (c) Posterior PNH with posterior PMG (Wieck et al., 2005) (3) Periventricular heterotopia, not nodular (unilateral or bilateral) Clinically defined with unknown cause (a) Diffuse PLH (b) Frontal predominant PLH (c) Posterior predominant PLH (4) Ribbon-like heterotopia, bilateral undulating heterotopic band Clinically defined with unknown cause (a) Posterior predominant ribbon-like heterotopia (b) Diffuse ribbon-like heterotopia (B) MALFORMATIONS DUE TO GENERALIZED ABNORMAL TRANSMANTLE MIGRATION (radial and non-radial) (1) Anterior predominant or diffuse classic (four-layered) LIS and SBH Clinically defined with unknown cause (a) Anterior predominant LIS with abrupt transition and cerebellar hypoplasia (previously LCHe) (b) Anterior predominant or diffuse LIS (ILS) Clinically defined with AR inheritance (c) Anterior predominant LIS (ILS) with AR inheritance (d) Winter–Tsukahara syndrome (Levin et al., 1993) Clinically defined with AD (new mutation) inheritance (e) Baraitser–Winter syndrome with anterior or diffuse LIS–SBH (Rossi et al., 2003) (f) Anterior predominant LIS (ILS) or SBH with DCX mutation at Xq22.3–q23 (Dobyns et al., 1999) (2) Posterior predominant or diffuse classic (four-layered) and two-layered (without cell-sparse zone) LIS and SBH Clinically defined with unknown cause (a) Posterior predominant or diffuse LIS with brainstem and cerebellar hypoplasia, with/without ACC (includes former LCHa, LCHc, LCHd, LCHf (Ross et al., 2001)) (b) Posterior predominant or diffuse LIS (ILS) (Pilz et al., 1998, Dobyns et al., 1999) (c) Diffuse LIS with hair and nail anomalies (Celentano et al., 2006) (d) Perisylvian (central) pachygyria (ILS) (e) Ribbon like deep white matter heterotopia with/without ACC, thin overlying cortex Clinically defined with AD inheritance (f) Posterior predominant SBH (Deconinck et al., 2003) Genetically defined with AD inheritance (new mutation) (g) Posterior or diffuse LIS with cerebellar hypoplasia or LIS (ILS) with TUBA1A mutations at 12q12-q14 (Poirier et al., 2007; Kumar et al., 2010) (h) Miller-Dieker syndrome (four-layered) with deletion 17p13.3 (YWHAE to LIS1) (Dobyns et al., 1991) (i) Posterior or diffuse LIS (ILS, four-layered) or posterior SBH with LIS1 deletions or mutations at 17p13.3 (Dobyns et al., 1993; Pilz et al., 1999) (3) X-linked lissencephaly (three-layered, without cell-sparse zone) with callosal agenesis, ambiguous genitalia (XLAG) Clinically defined with unknown cause (a) XLAG-like syndrome with temporal-posterior predominant LIS, ACC, microphthalmia and midline cleft lip and palate (b) XLAG with temporal-posterior predominant LIS and ACC with mutations in ARX at Xp22.13 (Bonneau et al., 2002) (4) Reelin-type LIS (inverted cortical lamination, without cell-sparse zone) Clinically defined with AR inheritance (a) Frontal predominant mild LIS with severe hippocampal and CBLH (Kato et al., 1999) Genetically defined with AR inheritance (b) Frontal predominant mild LIS with severe hippocampal and CBLH with RELN mutation at 7q22 (Hong et al., 2000) (c) Frontal predominant mild LIS with severe hippocampal and CBLH with VLDLR mutation at 9p24 (Boycott et al., 2005) (5) Variant LIS (other rare types exist but are poorly characterized) Abbreviations: FCD = focal cortical dysplasia]]>